System and method for wireless network offloading

ABSTRACT

Wireless offloading provides tools to a service provider to encourage or direct a subscriber to offload from a first network, e.g., a cellular network, to a second network, e.g., a Wi-Fi network. The cellular service provider can use network data to determine wireless offloading priorities for cellular subscribers on an individual or group basis. The cellular service provider may use wireless network data it has and/or wireless network data it learns about networks from the wireless devices (which may obtain Wi-Fi network data from beacon frames of Wi-Fi networks or active scanning and which may report to the cellular service provider). Each wireless device can be given scanning assignments to ensure that the reporting task is shared among subscribers or adjusted to fill in gaps in data. With the network data, the cellular service provider is capable of generating useful prioritized network lists for wireless devices, either individually or as a group. Preferences can be encouraged in the form of incentive offers to subscribers to, e.g., offload from the cellular network to a Wi-Fi network. Incentive offers can include offers to lower service costs or provide additional or improved services.

COPYRIGHT NOTICE

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains materialwhich is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has noobjection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent documentor the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and TrademarkOffice patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyrightrights whatsoever.

BACKGROUND

Wireless networks, such as Wi-Fi, 2G, 3G, 4G and WiMAX, whether governedby standards or proprietary protocols, often overlap with one another.Multiple wireless networks of the same type, perhaps withconfiguration-specific differences, also often overlap with one another.

A wireless device chooses an available wireless network to associatewith. The choice is generally made based on user selection, whether ornot a better selection is available for a given situation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a diagram of an example of a system including a wirelessnetwork offloading engine.

FIG. 2 depicts a diagram of an example of a system for providing aprioritized network list to stations on a wireless network.

FIG. 3 depicts a diagram of an example of a system for generatingtemporally adjusted prioritized network lists.

FIG. 4 depicts a diagram of an example of a system for monitoringperformance of networks on a prioritized network list.

FIG. 5 depicts a diagram of an example of a system for using a motiontrace to prioritize networks on a network map.

FIG. 6 depicts a diagram of an example of a system for using knowledgeof subscriber network connections to prioritize network lists forsubscribers.

FIG. 7 depicts a diagram of an example of a system for using performancehistory to customize a prioritized network list.

FIG. 8 depicts a diagram of an example of a system for selecting networkconnections based on network prioritization.

FIG. 9 depicts a conceptual display associated with incentivized networkselection.

FIG. 10 depicts a diagram of an example of a system for offeringincentives to a subscriber to connect to a network.

FIG. 11 depicts a diagram of an example of a system for repeatedlycycling through performance tests.

FIG. 12 depicts a diagram of an example of a system capable of wirelessnetwork offloading.

FIG. 13 depicts an example of a computer system on which techniquesdescribed in this paper can be implemented.

FIG. 14 depicts a flowchart of an example of a method for prioritizedwireless offloading.

FIG. 15 depicts a flowchart of an example of a method for using deviceassisted services to facilitate wireless offloading.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, several specific details are presented toprovide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. Oneskilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that embodiments ofthe invention can be practiced without one or more of the specificdetails, or in combination with other components, etc. In otherinstances, well-known implementations or operations are not shown ordescribed in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of various embodiments.

A technique for wireless offloading provides tools to a service providerto encourage or direct a subscriber to offload from a first network to asecond network. For the purposes of this introductory example, theservice provider may be referred to as a cellular service provider, thefirst network may be referred to as a cellular network, and the secondnetwork may be referred to as a Wi-Fi network.

The cellular service provider can use network data to determine wirelessoffloading priorities for cellular subscribers on an individual or groupbasis. In order to determine wireless offloading priorities, thecellular service provider may use wireless network data it has and/orwireless network data it learns about networks from the wireless devices(which may obtain Wi-Fi network data from beacon frames of Wi-Finetworks or active scanning and which may report to the cellular serviceprovider). Each wireless device can be given scanning assignments toensure that the reporting task is shared among subscribers or adjustedto fill in gaps in data. With the network data, the cellular serviceprovider is capable of generating useful prioritized network lists forwireless devices, either individually or as a group. These prioritizednetwork lists can be represented as a network map.

The cellular service provider can obtain more than just network data.For example, wireless devices can provide connection data, such as theprobability that an authentication request will result in an eventualconnection or the delay in the access grant. The wireless device cantimestamp certain data to enable the service provider to determine hownetwork or otherwise relevant characteristics can vary by, for example,time of day or day of the week. Other data can include the location ofthe wireless device, which can provide data useful for determining zonesof coverage for a service area with different performance or othercharacteristics. Using a combination of the timestamp and location data,the server can derive a motion trace, or the motion trace can beexplicitly provided by subscribers, that is representative of thevelocity at which a subscriber is moving. All of this data can be usefulfor generating more useful prioritized lists for the wireless devices.

The cellular service provider can also obtain subscriber-specific data.Some such data may be available from a subscriber account or theparameters of a service plan. Other such data can be in the form of userpreferences or performance history for a wireless device. Rules foradjusting network priorities can take into account a cost function withparameters that may vary by implementation, configuration, orpreference. Preferences can be encouraged in the form of incentiveoffers to subscribers to, e.g., offload from the cellular network to aWi-Fi network. Incentive offers can include offers to lower servicecosts or provide additional or improved services.

FIG. 1 depicts a diagram of a system 100 including a wireless networkoffloading engine 106. The system 100 includes wireless devices 102-1 to102-N (referred to collectively as the wireless devices 102), wirelessnetworks 104-1 to 104-N (referred to collectively as the wirelessnetworks 104), and a wireless network offloading engine 106.

The wireless devices 102 will at a minimum include a processor, memory(though the memory could be implemented in the processor), a radio, anda radio interface (though the radio interface could be implemented as“part of” the radio). The wireless devices 102 will typically have atleast one input device and at least one output device, including inputand output interfaces, if applicable.

The wireless devices 102 can be implemented as stations. A station, asused herein, may be referred to as a device with a media access control(MAC) address and a physical layer (PHY) interface to the wirelessmedium that comply with, e.g., the IEEE 802.11 standard. A station canbe described as “IEEE 802.11-compliant” when compliance with the IEEE802.11 standard is intended to be explicit (i.e., a device acts asdescribed in at least a portion of the IEEE 802.11 standard.) One ofordinary skill in the relevant art would understand what the IEEE 802.11standard comprises today and that the IEEE 802.11 standard can changeover time, and would be expected to apply techniques described in thispaper in compliance with future versions of the IEEE 802.11 standard ifan applicable change is made. IEEE Std. 802.11™-2007 (Revision of IEEEStd. 802.11-1999) is incorporated by reference. IEEE 802.11k-2008, IEEE802.11n-2009, IEEE 802.11p-2010, IEEE 802.11r-2008, IEEE 802.11w-2009,and IEEE 802.11y-2008 are also incorporated by reference.

In alternative embodiments, one or more of the wireless devices 102 maycomply with some other standard or no standard at all, and may havedifferent interfaces to a wireless or other medium. It should be notedthat not all standards refer to wireless devices as “stations,” butwhere the term is used in this paper, it should be understood that ananalogous unit will be present on all applicable wireless networks.Thus, use of the term “station” should not be construed as limiting thescope of an embodiment that describes wireless devices as stations to astandard that explicitly uses the term, unless such a limitation isappropriate in the context of the discussion.

The wireless networks 104 will typically include an internetworking unit(IWU) that interconnects wireless devices on the relevant one of thewireless networks 104 with another network, such as a wired LAN. The IWUis sometimes referred to as a wireless access point (WAP). In the IEEE802.11 standard, a WAP is also defined as a station. Thus, a station canbe a non-WAP station or a WAP station. In a cellular network, the WAP isoften referred to as a base station.

The wireless networks 104 can be implemented using any applicabletechnology, which can differ by network type or in other ways. Thewireless networks 104 can be of any appropriate size (e.g., metropolitanarea network (MAN), personal area network (PAN), etc.). Broadbandwireless MANs may or may not be compliant with IEEE 802.16, which isincorporated by reference. Wireless PANs may or may not be compliantwith IEEE 802.15, which is incorporated by reference. The wirelessnetworks 104 can be identifiable by network type (e.g., 2G, 3G, 4G, andWi-Fi), service provider, WAP/base station identifier (e.g., Wi-Fi SSID,base station and sector ID), geographic location, or otheridentification criteria.

The wireless networks 104 may or may not be coupled together via anintermediate network. The intermediate network can include practicallyany type of communications network, such as, by way of example but notlimitation, the Internet, a public switched telephone network (PSTN), oran infrastructure network (e.g., private LAN). The term “Internet” asused herein refers to a network of networks which uses certainprotocols, such as the TCP/IP protocol, and possibly other protocolssuch as the hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) for hypertext markuplanguage (HTML) documents that make up the World Wide Web (the web).

In the example of FIG. 1, the wireless network offloading engine 106 iscoupled to the wireless device 102-1. In a specific implementation, thewireless network offloading engine 106 is implemented on a server and iscoupled to the wireless device 102-1 through the Internet. However, atleast a portion of the wireless network offloading engine 106, describedin more detail later with reference to FIG. 2, can alternatively beimplemented on the wireless device 102-1, with or without a connectionto a server that includes another portion (e.g., a server portion) ofthe wireless network offloading engine 106.

In an example of operation, periodically, occasionally, or wheninstructed, the wireless device 102-1 performs an available networkcharacterization scan (ANCS) on one or more of the wireless networks104. Other devices, such as the wireless device 102-2 or some otherstation, may or may not also perform an ANCS. The ANCS can be used tocharacterize available performance for each network (e.g., data rate,bit rate variability, latency, latency jitter, quality of service (QoS),response time, etc.).

Some objective criteria for measuring performance exist (e.g.,throughput). Intelligent network monitoring can enable real-timemonitoring of network service usage (e.g., at the packet level/layer,network stack application interface level/layer, and/or applicationlevel/layer) of the wireless network (e.g., radio access networks and/orcore networks) and to effectively manage the network service usage forprotecting network capacity (e.g., while still maintaining an acceptableuser experience). Using Device Assisted Services (DAS) techniques, andin some cases, network assisted/based techniques, to provide for networkservice usage monitoring of devices, network carriers/operators would beprovided greater insight into what devices, which users and whatapplications, and when and where network congestion problems occur,enabling operators to intelligently add additional resources to certainareas when necessary (e.g., offloading data traffic onto femto cells orWiFi hotspots and adding more network resources), to differentiallycontrol network service usage, and/or to differentially charge fornetwork service usage based on, for example, a network busy state, forprotecting network capacity.

Performance need not be based on network performance alone. For example,a subscriber may be interested in economic performance (e.g., price).Accordingly, in this paper, performance is sometimes characterized usinga cost function that can include various parameters, including networkperformance, economic performance, reliability, and/or other parametersthat are indicative of preferences of a user or service provider. Wherea particular type of performance is applicable, the meaning can be madeexplicit (e.g., by making reference to “network performance” as opposedto simply “performance”) or can be derived from context.

The wireless device 102-1 generates an ANCS report using results of theANCS in order to characterize available performance for each scannednetwork of the wireless networks 104. The ANCS report can also includean identification of currently available networks for the wirelessdevice 102-1, location, time, and potentially some performancecharacterization. The wireless device 102-1 makes the ANCS reportavailable to the wireless network offloading engine 106. The wirelessdevice 102-1 can also make device-specific information available, suchas location, performance thresholds, a motion trace, knowledge aboutother devices or interference, a performance history, applications(e.g., a VoIP or streaming media application), device-specific rulesrelated to when the device will link to a network or offload (e.g.,based on reliability, performance state, congestion state, QoS,incentive state, et al.), or a cost function (e.g., based on signalstrength, channel strength, basic radio bit rate, network speed, networkthroughput, speed jitter, throughput jitter, network delay, delayjitter, network availability, network reliability in access grantpercentage, network reliability in delay in access grant, variation inperformance as a function of position, et al.). Alternatively, somedevice-specific information may or may not be shared with the wirelessnetwork offloading engine 106, and used to customize a priority list ormulti-dimensional network map that is generated or received at thewireless device 102-1.

The wireless network offloading engine 106 generates a multi-dimensionalnetwork map from the ANCS report and/or other data that is known to thewireless network offloading engine 106. The wireless network offloadingengine 106 can provide the multi-dimensional network map to the wirelessdevice 102-1, from which the wireless device 102-1 can generate ormodify a wireless operation instruction set. Alternatively, the wirelessnetwork offloading engine 106 can generate an instruction set from themulti-dimensional map, which it makes available to the wireless device102. The instruction set can be an implementation of a general algorithmthat is customized by the wireless device 102-1 after it is received, orthe instruction set can be generated specifically for the wirelessdevice 102-1 or a set of devices that includes the wireless device102-1, to be executed on-device in accordance with device-specificparameters (e.g., power saving settings, location, time of day, etc.).Advantageously, the wireless device 102-1 is able to use the instructionset to enable intelligent offloading of the wireless device 102-1 fromone of the wireless networks 104 to another. In some embodiments, thewireless device 102-1 is capable of modifying the multi-dimensionalnetwork map before making a network selection decision. The wirelessnetwork offloading engine may provide one or more parameters and/oralgorithms to the wireless device 102-1 for making the network selectiondecision.

Differential network access control for protecting network capacityincludes applying policies to determine which network a service activityshould be connected to (e.g., 2G, 3G, 4G, home or roaming, WiFi, cable,DSL, fiber, wired WAN, and/or another wired or wireless or accessnetwork), and applying differential network access control rules (e.g.,traffic control rules) depending on which network to which the serviceactivity is connected. In some embodiments, differential network accesscontrol for protecting network capacity includes differentiallycontrolling network service usage activities based on the service usagecontrol policy and a user input (e.g., a user selection or userpreference). Depending upon the implementation, network service usagecontrol policy can consider availability of alternative networks, policyrules for selecting alternative networks, network busy state oravailability state for alternative networks, specific network selectionor preference policies for a given network service activity or set ofnetwork service activities, to name several.

In a specific implementation, the wireless device 102 aids indetermining (e.g., measuring and/or characterizing) a network busy stateexperienced by the device (e.g., which can be used to determine thenetwork access control policy for one or more network capacitycontrolled services). For example, the network busy state experienced bythe device can be recorded by the device and included in a network busystate report that is sent to a network element/function (e.g., awireless network offloading engine 106 as described herein). The networkbusy state report can include, for example, data rate, averagethroughput, minimum throughput, throughput jitter, latency, latencyjitter, bit error rate, data error rate, packet error rate, packet droprate, number of access attempts, number of access successes, number ofaccess failures, QoS level availability, QoS level performance,variability in any of the preceding parameters, and/or the historicstatistics of any of the preceding parameters, to name several by way ofexample. The network busy state report can include, for example, 2G, 3G,4G or WiFi base station ID, SSID, cell sector ID, CDMA ID, FDMA channelID, TDMA channel ID, GPS location, and/or physical location to identifythe edge network element that is associated with the network busy statereport to a network element, to name several by way of example. In aspecific implementation, the network busy state is monitored by one ormore network elements that can measure and/or report network busy state(e.g., wireless network offloading engine 106, BTS, BTSC, access point,base station monitor, and/or airwave monitor).

As a clarifying example embodiment, the wireless device 102 (e.g. anetwork performance characterization software or hardware agent on thedevice) acts in conjunction with a network element (e.g. a wirelessnetwork offloading engine 106) to characterize the network busy state ofan alternative network access point or base station resource. In suchembodiments the device can sense an available alternative network,connect to a network element (e.g. a wireless network offloading engine106) through the alternative network, conduct a download and/or uploadsequence during which the network performance is monitored, and thencause the performance to be characterized and recorded. The performancecan be characterized by the network element (e.g. a wireless networkoffloading engine 106), by the wireless device 102 (e.g. a networkperformance characterization software or hardware agent) or by both.

As another clarifying embodiment, the wireless device 102 (e.g. anetwork performance characterization software or hardware agent on thedevice) can sense an available alternative network, connect to thealternative network, allow the user to use the network connectionservices, monitor the resulting network performance and record theperformance results.

In a specific implementation, one or more of the wireless devices thatuse wireless services on the one or more main networks and/oralternative networks are used as described herein to collect alternativenetwork performance, busy state and/or QoS state information.

In a specific implementation, the main networks and/or alternativenetworks can be monitored and characterized by devices that arepermanently located in the vicinity of one or more alternative networkbase stations or access points and configured to communicate with awireless network offloading engine 106. A permanently located mobileterminal can provide network monitors for reporting, for example,network busy state, to a central network element, such as the wirelessnetwork offloading engine 106, which can, for example, aggregate suchnetwork busy state information to determine network busy state for oneor more network coverage areas.

For example, airwave monitors and/or base station monitors can beprovided to facilitate a reliable characterization of network busy statein a coverage area of one or more base stations and/or base stationsectors and/or WiFi access points, such as affixed mobile terminals(e.g., trusted terminals that can include additional network busy statemonitoring and/or reporting functionality) installed (e.g., temporarilyor permanently) in the coverage area of one or more base stations and/orbase station sectors (e.g., in which a sector is the combination of adirectional antenna and a frequency channel) so that the mobileterminals perform network busy state monitoring and reporting to thewireless network offloading engine 106, the local base station, and/orother network element(s)/function(s). In some embodiments, thepermanently affixed mobile terminals provide network monitors forreporting, for example, network busy state (or performance, reliabilityor QoS), to a central network element, such as the wireless networkoffloading engine 106, which can, for example, aggregate such networkbusy state information to determine network busy state for one or morenetwork coverage areas. In some embodiments, the mobile terminals arealways present in these locations where installed and always on (e.g.,performing network monitoring), and can be trusted (e.g., the mobileterminals can be loaded with various hardware and/or softwarecredentials). For example, using the mobile terminals, a reliablecharacterization of network busy state can be provided, which can thenbe reported to a central network element and aggregated for performingvarious network busy state related techniques as described herein withrespect to various embodiments.

In a specific implementation, the wireless network offloading engine 106uses the network busy state reports (or performance reports or QoSreports) from user devices and/or permanent mobile terminals connectedto the same alternative network to determine the network busy state foran alternative network edge element connected to the device.

In some embodiments, a network element/function (e.g. a wireless accesspoint or base station) sends a busy state report for the network edgeelement to the device (e.g., and to other devices connected to the samenetwork edge element), which the device can then use to implementdifferential network access control policies (e.g., for network capacitycontrolled services) based on the network busy state. In someembodiments, a network busy state is provided by a network element(e.g., wireless network offloading engine 106 or service cloud) andbroadcast to the device (e.g., securely communicated to the wirelessdevice 102).

In some embodiments, the wireless device 102 (e.g. a network performancecharacterization software or hardware agent) selects the access networkconnection in accordance with a network service profile setting thatdetermines which network the device should choose between availablealternative WWAN, WLAN, WPAN, Ethernet and/or DSL network connections.This choice can be based on the performance, reliability, busy state orQoS capability of one or more alternative networks. The characterizationof the alternative networks can be based on an end to end performance,and not just the over the air or radio frequency performance. Forexample, service profile settings can be based on the performance of theactual access network (e.g., home DSL/cable, coffee shop, shoppingcenter, public WiFi hot spot or work network) behind the Wi-Fi not thefact that it is Wi-Fi (e.g., or any other network, such as DSL/cable,satellite, or T-1), which is viewed as different than accessing a Wi-Finetwork at the coffee shop. For example, in a Wi-Fi hotspot situation inwhich there are a significant number of users on a DSL or T-1 backhaul,the wireless network offloading engine 106 can sit in a service providercloud or an MVNO cloud, the service controls can be provided by a VSPcapability offered by the service provider or the wireless networkoffloading engine 106 can be owned by the hotspot service provider thatuses the wireless network offloading engine 106 on their own without anyassociation with an access network service provider.

FIG. 2 depicts a diagram an example of a system 200 for providing aprioritized network list to stations on a wireless network. In theexample of FIG. 2, the system 200 includes a network 202, apoint-of-presence (PoP) 204, a network switch 206, wireless networks208-1 to 208-N (collectively referred to as wireless networks 208), anda communications service provider (CSP) 210. The wireless network 208-1includes a WAP 212 and, in operation, stations 214-1 to 214-N(collectively referred to as stations 214). The CSP 210 includes aprioritized network list provisioning engine 216.

The network 202 can include any applicable network that is capable ofcoupling the station 214-1 to the CSP 210. The PoP 204 is coupled to thenetwork 202. The term “PoP” is often used to refer to a PoP on theInternet. However, the term as used with reference to FIG. 2 is intendedto mean a PoP on the network 202, regardless of the type of network. Thenetwork switch 206 can be referred to as a wireless network switchbecause it couples the WAP 212 to a (typically) wired network, such as aLAN. The term “WAP” is often used with reference to AP stations in anIEEE 802.11-compatible network. However, the term should be construed toinclude the relevant node when the wireless network makes use of someother access technology (e.g., the term “base station” is often used torefer to the access node of a cellular network). In some cases, one ormore of the PoP 204, network switch 206, and WAP 212 can be co-located.

The wireless networks 208 can be of an applicable known or convenientwireless network type. The basic service set (BSS) is a term used inIEEE 802.11 to refer to a group of stations that communicate with oneanother. The basic service area is defined by the propagationcharacteristics of the wireless medium. (Note: the term “area” istypically used to describe the three-dimensional space of a basicservice area.) A station in the basic service area can communicate withother stations in the BSS. A BSS with a WAP, as is depicted in theexample of FIG. 2 for the wireless network 208-1, can be referred to asan infrastructure BSS. To avoid confusion with the acronym IBSS, whichrefers to an independent BSS (also known as an ad hoc BSS), aninfrastructure BSS is not referred to as an IBSS. An infrastructure BSSis defined by the distance from the WAP; so the stations 214, which areall on the wireless network 208-1, are within reach of the WAP 212 (asillustrated by the stations 214 being depicted as inside the cloudassociated with the wireless network 208-1). In an infrastructure BSS,stations must associate with a WAP to obtain network services. Thestations typically initiate the process and the WAP decides whether togrant or deny access based on the contents of an association request.Although this process is described in the context of IEEE 802.11language, a similar description is applicable to other wireless networktechnologies.

The wireless network 208-1 is constrained in size by the range of theWAP 212, though multiple WAPs (not shown) could be used to increase thesize of the wireless network 208-1. An extended service set (ESS) cancomprise multiple BSSs, each connected to a backbone network. All of theWAPs in an ESS are given the same service set identifier (SSID), whichis can be considered to be the “name” of the wireless network. Thedegree to which basic service areas overlap in an extended service areais implementation- and/or technology-specific.

The WAP 212 may or may not support multiple wireless networks with thesame radio. Within the WAP 212, each SSID would be associated with avirtual LAN (VLAN). A relatively common implementation of this is whenthe WAP 212 supports a guest network (a first VLAN) and an internalnetwork (a second VLAN). The stations 214 would likely see two separatenetworks in the radio domain. Thus, the wireless networks 208 may or maynot have separate WAPs. A WAP that supports multiple networks may or maynot have the same range for each network, particularly if the broadcastpower or frequency bands are different (e.g., a WAP could be 802.11a and802.11b/g-compatible).

In the example of FIG. 2, the stations 214 are within a service area ofthe wireless networks 208. As is shown by way of example, some of thestations, e.g., station 214-N, can be within the service area of adifferent wireless network, e.g., wireless network 208-N, than the otherstations 214. The stations 214 can send information about a subset ofthe wireless networks 208 if the stations 214 are in the respectiveservice areas of the wireless networks 208. By subset, it is intendedthat, depending upon the implementation or station capabilities, astation may or may not send information about all of the wirelessnetworks 208 if in the respective service areas, and may or may not sendinformation about any of the wireless networks 208. Depending upon theimplementation or station capabilities, a station may or may not sendinformation about a network when no longer in a service area of thewireless network, such as, e.g., when a WAP fails or the station ismoved out of the service area. As shown by way of example, the station214-1 is in the service area of wireless networks 208-1 and 208-2. Sothe station 214-1 can send information about the wireless networks 208-1and 208-2, either the wireless network 208-1 or the wireless network208-2, or neither of the wireless networks 208-1 and 208-2; the station214-1 may or may not also send information about the wireless network208-N, e.g., based on historical data, data received from station 214-N,or data received from another source, even though the station 214-1 isnot currently within the service area of the wireless network 208-N.

The stations 214 are operationally connected to the CSP 210 through theWAP 212. Where the CSP 210 is part of an enterprise network thatincludes the wireless network 208-1, the stations 214 may or may notactually be coupled to the CSP 210 through the PoP 204 because the CSP210 could be on the wired backbone network to which the WAP 212 isconnected. However, this observation does not make an understanding ofthe example of FIG. 2 difficult to one of ordinary skill in the relevantart.

The CSP 210 can be part of a public or private entity in, e.g., telecom(landline or wireless), Internet, cable, satellite, and/or managedservices businesses. CSPs often specialize in an industry, such astelecommunications, entertainment and media, and Internet/Web services,though service providers can operate in multiple areas. While it islikely that a CSP would be able to best implement the prioritizednetwork list provisioning engine 216 due to the data available to theCSP, it is also possible to offer the prioritized network listprovisioning engine 216 through an application service provider (ASP),if the ASP is given sufficient data either from stations or CSPs, orperhaps a managed service provider (MSP) providing services on behalf ofthe CSP or some other entity. Alternatively, the prioritized networklist provisioning engine 216 could be implemented on a private network,or on some other server.

In the example of FIG. 2, it is assumed that the stations 214 are knownto the CSP 210. If the CSP 210 provides services to each of the stations214, the CSP 210 can have account information associated with each ofthe stations 214, can be made aware of device-specific data (e.g.,roaming, bandwidth consumption, application use, etc.), and can receiveadditional information associated with the stations 214 and/or networksnear the stations 214 over time. How the stations 214 are known and whatinformation is made available to the CSP 210 can depend upon theimplementation. For example, the CSP 210 could be controlled by a mobilewireless communication company that provides cellular services to thestations 214 on, e.g., a 4G network. (As was previously mentioned, someservices could be provided through an ASP; so it should be borne in mindthat this is simply one example and other applicable implementationsshould be understood to have appropriate variations.)

In the example of FIG. 2, the prioritized network list provisioningengine 216 provides a prioritized network list to the stations 214,which is represented in the example of FIG. 2 as a dashed line 218. Thelist need not be identical for each of the stations 214. For example,the prioritized network list provisioning engine 216 could customize thelist sent to the station 214-1 based upon account parameters, currentdevice-specific parameters, or historical device-specific parameters.Alternatively, the list sent to each of the stations 214 could becustomized (or not) at the stations 214.

The prioritized list can be provided through an applicable channel. Forexample, the prioritized network list provisioning engine 216 could pushthe prioritized list to a station through a cellular network provided bya company that controls the CSP 210, through a public network out of thecontrol of the company, through a private network, or through some otherchannel. The station could also pull the prioritized list from theprioritized network list provisioning engine 216. While it is likely theprioritized list will be provided on a wireless network periodically oras needed, it is also possible to provide the prioritized list inadvance, which means it could be, for example, provided when a wirelessdevice is wire-connected to a computer that has been provided or canobtain the prioritized list.

Advantageously, the prioritized list can include information that is notavailable to the stations 214 at a given point in time. For example, thestations 214 can perform a passive scan of nearby network service areas.The stations 214 can sort the list of applicable wireless networks basedon, for example, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) for each ofthe wireless networks. This type of list is referred to in this paper asa “sorted list,” which is intended to mean a list that has been sortedin accordance with a current key value. However, certain data is notused when sorting the list of wireless networks. The certain data can becategorized as “historical data,” which is previously obtained dataabout characteristics of a subset of the wireless networks, and“remotely obtained data,” which is data of which one or more of thestations 214 did not collect on their own. (Data collected by a stationcan be referred to as “locally obtained data.”) A “prioritized list” isdefined as a sorted list that is further sorted using historical and/orremotely obtained data. Where it is desirable to explicitly indicate thetype of prioritized list, the prioritized list can be referred to as ahistorically and contemporaneously prioritized list, a remotely andlocally prioritized list, or (where both types of data are used tocreate the prioritized list) a historically and contemporaneously,remotely and locally prioritized list. A prioritized list that caninclude any of these types is referred to as a “prioritized list.”Advantageously, the stations 214 can use a prioritized list that isprovided from the prioritized network list provisioning engine 216 toguide network association behavior.

The stations 214 can obtain data by scanning. Passive scans can identifywireless networks that use beacon frames, which will include someinformation about the wireless network. Active scans can generallyobtain more data than a passive scan. The data obtained can be used tomodify the prioritized list. In an embodiment in which a station cangenerate its own prioritized list (in addition to or instead ofreceiving the prioritized list from the prioritized network listprovisioning engine 216 on the CSP 210, for example) the station willuse historical data accumulated with scans, and additional historicaland/or remotely obtained data could be provided from a server or othersource.

In an example in which the stations 214 are serviced by the CSP 210 orother communication service provider, the CSP 210 can optimize capacityfor the stations 214 as a group. Capacity for the stations 214 can beoptimized for the stations as a group by the CSP 210 having informationabout the networks 208 and deciding a prioritized list for each of thestations 214 that results in the stations 214 choosing to associate withthe networks 208 such that the stations 214 have, in the aggregate,greater performance. The CSP 210 can take into account network loadingon the networks 208 when generating the prioritized lists provided bythe prioritized network list provisioning engine 216 to the stations214. In this way, the CSP 210 can determine which of the networks 208have more available bandwidth, and can optionally determine what theloading of the networks 208 will be after the stations 214 make use ofthe prioritized lists. Advantageously, the CSP 210 can use the currentnetwork load to predict load on the networks 208 based upon dataprovided by the stations, historical data, and prioritized lists thathave not yet been sent. The CSP 210 can also consider station-specificdata, such as applications that are being used, QoS requirements,historical bandwidth consumption, a cost function, etc., whendetermining how to generate the prioritized lists.

The stations 214 can have a network optimization engine (not shown) inwhich an algorithm is implemented to optimize capacity. The networkoptimization engine can reorganize a prioritized list based upondevice-specific parameters and/or user preferences.

FIG. 3 depicts a diagram of an example of a system 300 for generatingtemporally adjusted prioritized network lists. In the example of FIG. 3,the system 300 includes a network interface 302, a network statisticsdatastore 304, a network statistics characterization engine 306, asubscriber datastore 308, a subscriber-specific characterization engine310, a temporal adjustment engine 312, and a prioritized network listgeneration engine 314.

The network interface 302 is intended to include an applicable known orconvenient interface to a network. The network interface 302 can have avariety of implementations, including a network interface card (NIC), amodem, or some other technology that facilitates interconnection with anetwork.

The network statistics datastore 304, and other datastores described inthis paper, can be implemented, for example, as software embodied in aphysical computer-readable medium on a general-purpose orspecific-purpose machine, in firmware, in hardware, in a combinationthereof, or in an applicable known or convenient device or system.Datastores in this paper are intended to include any organization ofdata, including tables, comma-separated values (CSV) files, traditionaldatabases (e.g., SQL), or other applicable known or convenientorganizational formats. Datastore-associated components, such asdatabase interfaces, can be considered “part of” a datastore, part ofsome other system component, or a combination thereof, though thephysical location and other characteristics of datastore-associatedcomponents is not critical for an understanding of the techniquesdescribed in this paper.

The network statistics datastore 304 can store network statistics datastructures. As used in this paper, a data structure is associated with aparticular way of storing and organizing data in a computer so that itcan be used efficiently within a given context. Data structures aregenerally based on the ability of a computer to fetch and store data atany place in its memory, specified by an address, a bit string that canbe itself stored in memory and manipulated by the program. Thus somedata structures are based on computing the addresses of data items witharithmetic operations; while other data structures are based on storingaddresses of data items within the structure itself. Many datastructures use both principles, sometimes combined in non-trivial ways.The implementation of a data structure usually entails writing a set ofprocedures that create and manipulate instances of that structure.

The network statistics datastore 304 can store data structures havingdata that is received or derived from stations on a network. The amountof data that a station can obtain and provide to the system 300 willdepend upon the capabilities of the station, the type of network,device-specific settings (e.g., active scan settings), and otherfactors. Data can include such values as RSSI, channel strength, basicradio bit rate, loading, network speed, network throughput, speedjitter, throughput jitter, network delay, delay jitter, networkavailability, successful network access grant, delay in access grant,location, to name several. The network statistics datastore 304 canstore data from a plurality of stations to create a store of remotelyobtained data. Over time, the network statistics datastore 304 canobtain a large store of historical data.

The network statistics characterization engine 306 can use networkstatistics to characterize networks. For example, the network statisticscharacterization engine 306 can, e.g., analyze location and RSSI forstations to determine a variation in performance as a function ofposition, analyze access grant data to determine an access grantlikelihood, analyze number of stations associated to a network,applications in use at the stations, and the capacity of a network todetermine available capacity for the network, or the like. Thus, thenetwork statistics characterization engine 306 can take standard networkmeasurements, combine the network measurements with historical networkdata and network data that is remotely obtained relative to a particularstation, and transform the network statistics into a more useful form.Characterized network statistic data structures can be stored in thenetwork statistics datastore 304 (an arrow indicating such storage isnot shown in the example of FIG. 3 in order to avoid disrupting theillustrative flow).

Where the system 300 is on a private network managed by a serviceprovider (e.g., a mobile service provider), subscribers will typicallyhave an account. The subscriber datastore 308 can store account datastructures (or subscriber data structures). Advantageously, the accountdata structures can include data that is useful for generatingprioritized lists. For example, an account could include cost functionparameters that are indicative of when a subscriber would wish tooffload from one network to another. Such data can be used to customizea prioritized network list for a particular subscriber. As anotherexample, an account could include performance or favored networkpreferences that enable prioritizing networks based upon subscriberpreferences. As another example, the subscriber datastore 308 couldinclude a motion trace useful to predict movement between coverageareas. It should be noted that some or all of the contents of thesubscriber datastore 308 could instead be stored on a device, and aprioritized list could be customized based on the device-specificsettings, movement (e.g., the motion trace), or the environment.

The subscriber-specific characterization engine 310 can usesubscriber-specific data to modify network list priorities. For example,a subscriber can indicate what applications are used on a mobile device.The subscriber-specific characterization engine 310 can determine fromthe applications which networks are more desirable given the operationalparameters of the application.

As another example, if a motion trace suggests that a subscriber is on atrain because it is moving relatively fast, the subscriber-specificcharacterization engine 310 may strongly prioritize a cellular networkover a shorter-range network (e.g., Wi-Fi). By “relatively fast,” whatis meant is that the subscriber is moving at a rate that suggestshand-off from one network to another will be required with relativelyhigh probability due to the subscriber's motion. It is possible for amotion trace to show relatively high velocity, but relatively low riskof hand-off (e.g., if a subscriber is riding a carousel). Hand-off fromone access point of a network to another access point of the samenetwork is likely not as large a concern as hand-off from one networktype (e.g., Wi-Fi) to another network type (e.g., cellular) or from twodifferent networks of the same type (e.g., a first private Wi-Fi networkand a second private Wi-Fi network). The motion trace itself can beconsidered a subscriber-specific characterization in the sense that thesubscriber datastore 308 can receive location data from, e.g., a mobiledevice of the subscriber, and the subscriber-specific characterizationengine 310 can determine velocity from the change in location over timeto establish that a subscriber is moving relatively fast.

The temporal adjustment engine 312 can adjust network priorities basedon, e.g., time of day. For example, if the networks statistics datastore304 has historical data that shows certain networks have high loads atcertain times of day, the temporal adjustment engine 312 can prioritizenetworks that have lower loads in the near future. The temporaladjustment engine 312 can also change priorities using data from thesubscriber datastore 308. For example, if a subscriber indicates theyhave a preference for not switching networks once associated, thetemporal adjustment engine 312 can use subscriber historical activity todetermine a likely amount of time the subscriber will be connected to anetwork and network historical data to determine likely loads on variousnetworks during that time, and prioritize networks such that thesubscriber can be connected to a network that will meet minimalperformance preferences for the duration of the connection.

To the extent the subscriber datastore 308 is on a client device, thetemporal adjustment engine 312 could provide priorities based upon time,and the client device could customize the prioritized network list. Inan alternative implementation, the temporal adjustment engine 312 is onthe client device and the client device receives prioritized lists thatare different at different times, then the temporal adjustment engine312 customizes (or picks the appropriate) prioritized list based uponthe current time.

The prioritized network list generation engine 314 generates a networklist in accordance with the network statistics characterization engine306 and, if applicable, the subscriber-specific characterization engine310 and temporal adjustment engine 312. The prioritized network list canbe provided to devices through the network interface 302.

Advantageously, the system 300 can characterize the statistics ofavailable capacity for a network and determine how much if any reliablecapacity is typically available on that network. This is accomplished byhaving devices report network data, e.g., how many devices are connectedto the network, and prioritizes the network such that one or moredevices will connect to or disconnect from the network based on analgorithm to optimize the (e.g., average, worst case, median, etc.)capacity offered to a group of devices serviced by the system 300. Thealgorithm can take into account loading of one or more alternativenetworks before sending the prioritized network list or otherwisecommunicating with a device to connect to or disconnect from thenetwork. The system 300 can thereby characterize statistics of availablecapacity and provide prioritized network lists with reliable capacity asa function of time to adjust an available capacity factor. Thistechnique is applicable to one or more devices optimized in theaggregate.

FIG. 4 depicts a diagram of an example of a system 400 for monitoringperformance of prioritized network lists. In the example of FIG. 4, thesystem 400 includes a radio interface 402, a radio 404, a geo-locationengine 406, a geo-prioritized networks datastore 408, a geo-analysisconnection engine 410, a performance threshold datastore 412, aselective network monitoring engine 414, and an ANCS reporting engine416.

In the example of FIG. 4, the radio interface 402 includes applicableknown or convenient technology sufficient to enable a wireless device touse a radio to connect to a wireless network. Devices that use somethingother than a radio are theoretically possible; the term “radiointerface” is used with the understanding that the communication devicemay or may not be limited to a specific subset of the electromagnetic(EM) spectrum, i.e., radio waves. The radio interface 402 can includemultiple interfaces for use with multiple radios and/or different radiofrequencies or wireless protocols.

In the example of FIG. 4, the radio interface 402 is coupled to a radio404. The radio 404 can include multiple radios for use with differentradio frequencies or wireless protocols. For illustrative simplicity,the radio 404 will generally be treated as if operating consistentlyover one channel (potentially with multiple subchannels). In analternative, the radio 404 can send reports or scan on one frequency,and send/receive other communications on another frequency.

In the example of FIG. 4, the geo-location engine 406 receives aprioritized list and modifies the list using device location. Thegeo-location engine 406 can use location to determine what networksshould be included on the network list and what priorities of thenetworks should be. In a specific implementation, the geo-locationengine 406 can be used in conjunction with a server that sends ageo-prioritized list that the geo-location engine 406 customizes at thedevice. For example, the server could send a geo-prioritized list for ageographical area that the geo-location engine 406 can adjust or use inaccordance with current device location and/or a motion trace.Geo-prioritization can be in accordance with a cost function, whereparameters of the cost function vary depending upon location (e.g.,network performance can vary as a function of position).

In an alternative, the geo-location engine 406 could be implemented on aserver, and used to generate geo-prioritized network lists forprovisioning to subscribers. Using known locations of devices, theserver can, depending upon the implementation, send a geo-prioritizednetwork list for a local geographical area near the device or forgeographical areas that have historically been frequented by the device.

In the example of FIG. 4, the geo-prioritized networks datastore 408includes network data structures that are organized by priority, wherethe determination of priority includes a consideration of devicelocation. A prioritized list could be stored as data structures in thegeo-prioritized networks datastore 408 initially, and the datastructures transformed later in accordance with geo-location data, orthe data structures could be generated with the relevant priority. Ineither case, when device location changes enough, the geo-priority willchange, and the data structures can be transformed (or new datastructures generated) to have the updated geo-priority.

In the example of FIG. 4, the geo-analysis connection engine 410 usesthe geo-prioritized network list stored in the geo-prioritized networksdatastore 408 to instruct the radio 404 to connect to a highest prioritynetwork that is available. Alternatively, the geo-analysis connectionengine 410 could form a connection using the prioritized list asreceived from a server and use the geo-prioritized network list forsubsequent connection determinations. As was previously noted, it isalso possible that the geo-location engine 406 could be at leastpartially located at a server, and the prioritized list could includedevice location when prioritizing the network list.

As device location changes, performance of network can also change. Thegeo-analysis connection engine 410 can determine whether performance hasdropped below a performance threshold using the performance thresholddatastore 412. When performance drops below the performance threshold,the geo-analysis connection engine 410 can connect to a second network.The second network can be the next network on the geo-prioritizednetwork list. It may be noted that the geo-location engine 406 canupdate the geo-prioritized networks datastore 408 so that networkpriorities change while a device is connected to a first network. Sowhen performance drops below the performance threshold, the geo-analysisconnection engine 410 can use the updated geo-prioritized network listto find a highest priority network that is available and instruct theradio 404 to connect to it. So the second network may or may not be thenext highest priority network in the geo-prioritized list that was usedwhen a connection to the first network was established.

Advantageously, the performance threshold setting can avoid frequenthopping between networks. Even if a second network has a highergeo-priority than a first network for which a device has a currentconnection, it may not be desirable to switch because of the risk ofswitching back and forth as performance fluctuates for the first andsecond (or other) networks. Thus, the performance threshold can beindicative of a performance that is “good enough” even if predictedperformance of a second network exceeds the performance of the firstnetwork.

The performance threshold can be dynamically adjusted. While it isdesirable to avoid frequent hopping between networks, a change inlocation can result in significantly higher performance on a secondnetwork. Even if the performance on the first network is “good enough,”the predicted performance of the second network may be sufficientlysuperior that the desire to avoid frequent hopping is eclipsed by thepotential improved performance of the second network. Thus, theperformance threshold can be a function of current performance on afirst network and a predicted performance of a second network inaddition to or instead of a performance threshold network switchingpreference.

When the performance threshold takes into account the performance of afirst network to which a device is connected and a performance of asecond network, the performance parameters of the first network and thesecond network need not be the same. For example, performance of thesecond network could include an access grant reliability parameter and apredicted delay in access grant parameter, while no such parameters areused to characterize performance of the first network. Other parametersmay or may not be considered for characterizing both networks (e.g.,post-connection network performance parameters or economic performanceparameters).

In the example of FIG. 4, the selective network monitoring engine 414can monitor networks other than a first network to which a subscriber isconnected. Monitoring can include passive scans, which entail listeningfor beacon frames (or equivalent transmissions) from a WAP. Theinformation available from beacon frames can vary depending uponnetwork-specific variables. Active scanning typically produces morenetwork information, but consumes more resources (e.g., wirelessbandwidth, battery power, etc.).

The selective network monitoring engine 414 can monitor networks thatare on the geo-prioritized networks list. Not all networks arenecessarily treated equally when determining which to monitor, which iswhy the selective network monitoring engine 414 is called “selective.”For example, a prioritized list could indicate a preference formonitoring certain networks (not necessarily based upon the priority ofthe network). The selective monitoring of certain networks can be inorder to limit the number of networks scanned by each of a plurality ofdevices that are relatively close to one another, to check on a networkthat has been flagged as a poor performer to see if performance haschanged, to keep the device aware of relatively high priority networksin case performance of a current network dips below a performancethreshold, to obtain additional information about a network, or thelike.

The selective network monitoring engine 414 can work in coordinationwith the geo-analysis connection engine 410. For example, the selectivemonitoring can be of networks that are high on the geo-prioritizednetworks list in order to keep network priorities as up-to-date aspossible. The selective network monitoring engine 414 can also ensurethat a dynamic performance threshold is updated with the most currentnetwork data. Data from selective network monitoring can be used at thedevice or sent to a server and provided in the form of a prioritizedlist after processing at the server.

The ANCS reporting engine 416 generates reports from ANCS of theselective network monitoring engine 414. The ANCS reporting engine 416provides the ANCS reports to the radio 404 for transmission through theradio interface 402 to a server. The server can ensure that futureprioritized lists are relatively current and, assuming an indication isprovided by the server rather than derived from rules at the device,that selective network scanning indicators enable the device to scannetworks in coordination with other devices or at least withoutwastefully consuming resources by providing less useful data regardingnetworks compared to more useful data that the server could use to moreeffectively prepare prioritized network lists for subscribers.

Advantageously, the system 400 provides location data and ANCS reportsto a server to enable the server to generate prioritized network listsusing the location and ANCS reports for the device sending the ANCSreport and other subscribers (regardless of whether the othersubscribers also send ANCS reports). The CSP 210 of FIG. 2 could, forexample, include such a server.

Advantageously, the system 400 can customize prioritized network listsusing a device's current location. For example, the geo-location engine406 can customize prioritized network lists for a large geographic areain accordance with a device's current location, a motion trace (e.g.,predictor of future location), or knowledge regarding historical networkconnection preferences. Alternatively, the geo-location engine 406 canreceive a prioritized network list for a local geographic area dependenton a device's current location and/or historical network connectionpreferences. Alternatively, the geo-location engine 406 can choosebetween multiple local geographic area network maps in accordance with adevice's current location and/or historical network connectionpreferences.

Advantageously, the system 400 enables selective monitoring of networkson a prioritized network list to identify networks for which it is mostoptimal for a device to connect in a given geographic area. A device canapply implemented rules to determine an optimal network using aprioritized network list. The device can also selectively scan othernetworks to update the prioritized network list in accordance with whatis discovered. This can benefit both the device and other subscribers.

Advantageously, the system 400 can reduce the likelihood of frequentjumping from one network to another as the network priority list changesor the performance on a given network fluctuates over time. Thegeo-analysis connection engine 410 can ensure a device remains connectedto a network until performance drops below a minimum performancethreshold.

FIG. 5 depicts a diagram of an example of a system 500 for using amotion trace to prioritize networks on a network map. In the example ofFIG. 5, the system 500 a location detection engine 502, a locationdatastore 504, a location trace generation engine 506, a location tracedatastore 508, a location trace reporting engine 510, a radio 512, aradio interface 514, and a location trace application engine 516.

In the example of FIG. 5, the location detection engine 502 is capableof determining a current location of a device. Although in this paperthe location of the device is treated as a known value, it should beunderstood that location detection is often an estimate of currentlocation. For example, a GPS system is not always capable of pinpointaccuracy. As another example, three WAPs could detect three signalshaving three different signal strengths from the device and determinelocation based on the distance, e.g., RSSI seems to indicate, but thistriangulation technique is typically fairly inaccurate. However, anyapplicable known or convenient location estimation technique, regardlessof its accuracy, can be sufficient if it sufficiently accurate to enableapplication of techniques described in association with locationdetection in this paper.

In the example of FIG. 5, the location detection engine 502 stores thedetected location in the location datastore 504. The data structures ofthe location datastore 504 can be as simple as coordinates intwo-dimensional or three-dimensional space. It may be noted that whilenetworks have ranges that extend into three-dimensional space, it may beuseful to simplify to two-dimensional space (typically as an overlayover the ground or a floor of a building). More important than whether az-axis component (altitude) is recorded is a timestamp for a givenlocation. Thus, a minimalist location data structure will include anx-axis component (e.g., longitude), a y-axis component (e.g., latitude),and a timestamp, and a useful variant can include a z-axis component(e.g., altitude). The units of the axis components need not be the same.For example, the x- and y-axis components could be GPS coordinates andthe x-axis component could be in feet (or meters) or a more abstractvalue, such as floors of a building.

In the example of FIG. 5, the location trace generation engine 506 canuse historical location data to determine changes in location over time.By comparing the location associated with a first timestamp to alocation associated with a second timestamp, it is possible to determinevelocity as well as distance.

Velocity can be recorded in a vector data structure in the locationtrace datastore 508. As is true for datastores described in this paperin general, the location datastore 504 and the location trace datastore508 can be implemented as the same datastore. For example, locationsestimated by the location detection engine 502 could be stored as nodesand vectors calculated by the location trace generation engine 506 couldbe stored as edges between temporally adjacent nodes, in a singledatastore. Alternatively, edges could be calculated on the fly such thatonly the nodes, with timestamps, are stored in non-volatile memory.

The location trace reporting engine 510 can generate a report for aserver. The contents of the report can vary somewhat based uponimplementation, but a minimal report will include at least the currentlocation of the device and a timestamp. The server may or may not becapable of generating a location trace, which means in an alternative atleast a portion of the location trace generation engine 506 can belocated at a server.

The radio 512 can send the location trace report through the radiointerface 514 to a server. In response to receiving the location tracereport, the server can provide a network map. In an alternative, theserver need not receive the location trace in order to provide thenetwork map; so the network map is not provided in response to receivingthe location trace. The network map can be generated using ANCS reportsfrom the device or from other devices. The network map may or may not becustomized at the server using the location trace of the device.

The network map is a multi-dimensional map of networks to which thedevice can connect. The dimensions can include two or three spatialdimensions, time, network continuity, station velocity, device-specifichistory, or other parameters. Advantageously, the network map can becombined with device-specific characteristics to enable intelligent andreliable switching to or from wireless networks represented in thenetwork map.

In the example of FIG. 5, the location trace application engine 516 canuse the network map and location traces to choose a network forconnection from the network map. Specifically, the location traceapplication engine 516 can use the motion trace to predict movement intoor out of network service areas, and select networks that areappropriate for the predicted movement. Further processing of locationtraces beyond a determination of velocity can be useful. For example,high velocity followed by a short period of rest can be indicative oftravel in a car, followed by stopping at a stoplight. In such a case, itmay be desirable to avoid offloading even while the subscriber isstationary. As another example, a connection history could be used toshow that some locations are typically passed through fairly quickly(e.g., a subscriber might walk to work through certain areas, makingcertain networks unappealing targets for offloading due to thelikelihood that the subscriber will continue through the networkrelatively soon).

In a specific implementation, the network map can include zones ofreliable coverage, which may be contiguous or disjoint. Thus, thelocation trace application engine 516 can use a network map of reliablenetworks and the location (or location trace) of the device to removenetworks that the device is likely to move in and out of coverage fasterthan a reliability threshold. The reliability threshold datastore 518can store a data structure can include subscriber or service providerpreferences for how quickly after a pause or slow movement to offload toanother network. If the location trace velocity exceeds the reliabilitythreshold, the device will not offload to certain networks (e.g.,shorter-range networks).

As was mentioned previously, the location trace application engine 516can make use of other information, such as connection history for asubscriber, activity that is indicative of being in a car or on publictransportation, etc. to use a constructive velocity in thedetermination. Thus, even if the actual velocity of a subscriber is zero(e.g., when the subscriber is at a stop sign), the constructive velocitycan have a higher value representative of the predicted future velocity.Constructive velocity can also be “net velocity” found by adding vectorsover a period of time such that movement back- and forth (e.g., if asubscriber is pacing). That is absolute velocity, or speed, of asubscriber over a relatively short period of time may not be assignificant as the net velocity for the purpose of comparison to thereliability threshold.

When the location trace is applied to the network map to find a highestpriority network to which the device can connect, the radio 512 can beinstructed to authenticate and associate with the chosen network. Thus,offloading from one network to another can be achieved using a locationtrace of the device and a multi-dimensional network map.

FIG. 6 depicts a diagram of an example of a system 600 for usingknowledge of subscriber network connections to prioritize network listsfor subscribers. In the example of FIG. 6, the system 600 includessubscribers 602-1 to 602-N (collectively, subscribers 602), wirelessnetworks 604-1 to 604-N (collectively, wireless networks 604), asubscriber interface 606, a connection tracking engine 608, a subscriberconnections datastore 610, and a prioritized network list provisioningengine 612.

In the example of FIG. 6, the subscribers 602 can include stations thatare capable of connecting to wireless networks. Depending upon thecontext, a subscriber can refer to a device or a person using thedevice. It is occasionally expedient for illustrative purposes to referto subscriber data, which can include data about the user of the device,and the existence of a subscriber record is not necessarily indicativeof the existence of a device. However, the techniques described in thispaper are generally applicable to a subscriber who can connect to awireless network. Thus, the subscriber will, at least as used in thedescription of operation, always include a device.

In the example of FIG. 6, the wireless networks 604 can include avariety of different types of networks. For example, the wirelessnetwork 604-1 could be a Wi-Fi network and the wireless network 604-2could be a 3G (cellular) network.

In the example of FIG. 6, the subscriber interface 606 is assumed to beon a server. It should be noted that details regarding how thesubscribers 602 connect to the subscriber interface 606 are omitted. Forexample, the connection between the subscribers 602 can be throughintervening networks including the Internet and/or a PSTN. In order forthe subscribers 602 to connect to one of the wireless networks 604, thesubscribers 602 may also have to connect through a WAP or base station.In an alternative, the subscriber interface 606 could be on a peerdevice (e.g., a station in an IBSS).

In the example of FIG. 6, the connection tracking engine 608 can receivedata from the subscribers 602. The data can include ANCS reports andauthentication data, but for the purpose of this example, the dataincludes data sufficient to identify the wireless networks 604 to whichthe subscribers 602 are connected. For example, subscribers 602-1 and602-2 may indicate that they are connected to the wireless network604-1, a Wi-Fi network in this example. Some of the subscribers 602 maynot be connected with any of the wireless networks 604 at a given pointin time, but are nevertheless known to the server due to authenticationattempts, wireless transmissions, a wired connection, or for otherapplicable reasons.

In the example of FIG. 6, the subscriber connections datastore 610stores a data structure that includes data sufficient to identify thewireless networks 604 with which the subscribers 602 are connected. Theconnection tracking engine 608 can modify the relevant data structurewhen one of the subscribers 602 disconnects from or connects to one ofthe wireless networks 604. The data structure may or may not alsoinclude data associated with networks for which the subscribers arewithin range, though this information could also be derived fromknowledge of a subscriber's location and a network map.

In the example of FIG. 6, the prioritized network list provisioningengine 612 can use data from the subscriber connections datastore 610 todetermine, for example, how many of the subscribers 602 are connected toa given network, such as the wireless network 604-1. When generating aprioritized network list the prioritized network list provisioningengine 612 can use this information to steer subscribers away fromwireless networks that have a relatively large number of connectionsand/or toward wireless networks that have a relatively small number ofconnections. A technique of a similar type is often refereed as networkload balancing.

For example, assume subscribers 602-1 to 602-2 are connected to thewireless network 604-1 (a Wi-Fi network in this example) and thesubscriber 602-N can be offloaded to the wireless network 604-1 from thewireless network 604-2 (a cellular network in this example). Theprioritized network list provisioning engine 612 can use the knowledgeof the number of devices 602-1 to 602-2 to prioritize the wirelessnetwork 604-1 in a prioritized network list that is to be provided tothe subscriber 602-N. For the purposes of this example, the subscriber602-N is in the service area of each of the wireless networks 604; sothe prioritized network list can potentially include any or all of thewireless networks 604. If the prioritized network list provisioningengine 612 determines that the number of devices connected to thewireless network 604-1 exceeds an optimal number of connectionsthreshold, the wireless network 604-1 can have a reduced priority in theprioritized list that is provided to the subscriber 602-N (or thewireless network 604-1 could be omitted from the prioritized list). Inthis way, the server can effectively advise devices contemplating aconnection to a first network based upon the number of devices connectedto the first network.

In the example of FIG. 6, the connections threshold 614 includes a datastructure indicative of the number of connections that are acceptable.The number of connections that are acceptable may or may not vary bynetwork. For example, some networks may be capable of supporting alarger number of connections. Also, some networks might be morepredictably impacted by subscriber connections (e.g., a network thatservices a relatively large number of subscribers can improvepredictability for a server that only receives connection informationfor the subscribers and not for other wireless devices on the network),making connection data more useful to the prioritized network listprovisioning engine 612 when weighting the various factors used todetermine priority for networks.

FIG. 7 depicts a diagram of an example of a system 700 for usingperformance history to customize a prioritized network list. In theexample of FIG. 7, the system 700 includes a prioritized list datastore702, a historical performance evaluation engine 704, a performancehistory engine 706, a network connection engine 708, a radio 710, aperformance monitoring engine 712, and a reliability threshold datastore714.

In the example of FIG. 7, the prioritized list datastore 702 includes aprioritized network data structures. For the purposes of this example,the prioritized list datastore 702 is treated as including datastructures with data sufficient to identify networks having serviceareas in which a device having the system 700 at least partiallyimplemented is located and the priority of the networks. Of course, anactual implementation of the prioritized list datastore 702 couldinclude additional data. The prioritized list datastore 702 can bepopulated by a server that sends a prioritized network list (not shown),the prioritized list could be generated at the device, or theprioritized list could be obtained in some other manner.

In the example of FIG. 7, the historical performance evaluation engine704 can customize the prioritized list in the prioritized list datastore702. In this way, in addition to using a prioritized list that has beenprioritized based on reliability, location, time of day, or otherfactors that are described elsewhere in this paper, the device iscapable of fine-tuning the prioritized list using on-device data.

In the example of FIG. 7, the performance history datastore 706 includesa data structure that is instructive regarding past performance for agiven network. To the extent a network data structure exists in both theprioritized list datastore 702 and the performance history datastore706, the historical performance evaluation engine 704 can compare thepriority of the network to an actual performance history. Other networksin the prioritized list datastore 702 and the performance historydatastore 706 can be similarly compared. Depending upon theimplementation, the prioritized list datastore 702 can be updated with acustomized prioritized list that adjusts networks in the prioritizedlist based upon past performance. It is not necessarily the case that anetwork having superior network performance will have the highestpriority (e.g., superior economic performance could be more important),and depending on the implementation, the subscriber may be able toadjust performance preferences as it relates to changing prioritizationof networks.

In the example of FIG. 7, the network connection engine 708 can use the(now) customized prioritized list to select a network. The rules used tomake the selection can be as simple as choosing the highest prioritynetwork from the customized prioritized network list. However, thenetwork connection engine 708 could also have, e.g., an offload prioritythreshold that must be met in order to offload to, e.g., a Wi-Fi networkfrom a cellular network. In other words, a cellular network could be adefault and other networks would have to have, e.g., a performanceadvantage sufficient to merit offloading, regardless of prioritization.The network connection engine 708 could also be configured to connect tothe highest priority network of the prioritized network list (prior tocustomization) and only use the customized prioritized list after someperformance monitoring.

In the example of FIG. 7, the radio 710 is instructed to connect to anetwork that is selected by the network connection engine. Over time,the radio 710 will receive at least some network data (e.g., frompackets received over the wireless medium) that can be used to monitorperformance on the selected network. The radio 710 can also beinstructed to scan other networks, as is described elsewhere in thispaper, and the data obtained can be used to monitor performance on theother networks.

In the example of FIG. 7, the performance monitoring engine 712 at leastmonitors performance on the selected network, and may or may not alsomonitor performance on other networks. The data obtained can be storedin the performance history datastore 706 and used by the historicalperformance evaluation engine 704 to customize the prioritized list. Thehistorical performance evaluation engine 704 and the performancemonitoring engine 712 can operate in parallel or in some other fashion.

In the example of FIG. 7, the reliability threshold datastore 714includes a data structure indicative of when the performance monitoringengine 712 will trigger the network connection engine 708 to switchnetworks. When the performance monitoring engine 712 determines that anetwork is, for example, sufficiently reliable, the network connectionengine 708 can offload from, e.g., a cellular network, to, e.g., asufficiently reliable Wi-Fi network. What is meant by “sufficientlyreliable” is that a reliability threshold is established based upon userpreferences for reliability, network configurations, or other factorsthat, when met, are indicative of sufficient reliability for an offloadtarget. The reliability threshold is described elsewhere in this paper.

Advantageously, the system 700 enables a device to perform a networkperformance evaluation before deciding to connect to a network. Thesystem 700 can then offload from a first network to a sufficientlyreliable second network. The device can then continue to evaluateperformance and decide whether to switch to another network based onperformance. FIG. 8 depicts a diagram of an example of a system 800 forselecting network connections based on network prioritization. In theexample of FIG. 8, the system 800 includes a subscriber user interface(UI) 802, a preference selection engine 804, a performance preferencesdatastore 806, an incentivized network selection engine 808, aprioritized list 810, a network connection engine 812, and a radio 814.

The subscriber UI 802 enables a user to view information about networks,preferences, and incentives, and to input data for use by the device. Assuch, the UI is presumed to include a display device (with drivers, ifapplicable) and an input device (with drivers, if applicable). By way ofexample but not limitation, the subscriber UI 802 could include atouchscreen input/output (I/O) device, a liquid crystal display (LCD)and keypad, or some other applicable known or convenient combination orcollection of I/O device(s).

The preference selection engine 804 displays options on the subscriberUI. The options can include, for example, rules that dictate when toswitch to or from networks or network types. For example, the user coulddefine reliability, congestion state, QoS, performance, or some otherparameter value. The user can also define incentive states. Thesesettings can be in association with a specific network (e.g., asubscriber may have a high preference for offloading to home or officeWi-Fi networks, which can be explicitly identified) or in associationwith a network type (e.g., a subscriber may have differing preferencesfor offloading to an 802.11a network or an 802.11b/g/n network).

The performance preferences datastore 806 stores data structuresindicative of the performance and/or incentive settings selected at thepreference selection engine 804. In a specific implementation, a usercan update preferences at any time by, for example, triggering thepreference selection engine 804 with a menu selection. Performancepreferences can also be dynamic settings that can change in accordancewith operational changes. For example, preferences may be different whena device has a full battery relative to when the device is running outof power. Thus, the preferences can by used in conjunction with orstored as rules for controlling operation of the device, specifically inthis example, network connection selections by the device.

The incentivized network selection engine 808 uses a prioritized networklist, which can be stored in the prioritized list datastore 810, andpreferences and/or rules in the performance preferences datastore 806 toselect a network and prompt the network connection engine 812 to controlthe radio 814 to connect to the selected network. In the example of FIG.8, the subscriber can be provided with options that are displayed at thesubscriber UI 802 and the subscriber can input data associated withthose options. The amount of information provided to the subscriber canvary with implementation, but can include a list of all availablenetworks, all available reliable networks, one or more aspects ofnetwork performance for displayed networks, or the like.

FIG. 9 depicts a conceptual display 900 associated with incentivizednetwork selection. The display 900 includes a list of prioritizednetworks 902-1 to 902-N (collectively, prioritized network list 902),radio buttons 904, and state indicators 906. The prioritized networklist 902 may or may not include all available networks, depending uponimplementation- or configuration-specific parameters. For example, thesubscriber may or may not be able to limit the list only to networksthat meet certain performance or incentive specifications, or a serviceprovider may or may not have a similar ability to prune the list ofavailable networks. In the example of FIG. 9, the prioritized networklist 902 is presumed to be ordered by priority, but a priority indicatorother than order could be used instead (e.g., priority could beindicated by a number in a column, text or background color, etc.).

In the example of FIG. 9, the radio buttons 904 are intended toillustrate a network selection mechanism. An applicable known orconvenient mechanism for selecting one of the networks of theprioritized network list 902 could be used instead (e.g., the text ofthe prioritized network list 902 could be selectable such that if a user“clicked” on a network, that network would be selected). It should benoted that in a specific implementation the choice of network can bemade by the device based upon a set of rules decided upon by asubscriber regarding when to connect to a network or switch to a newnetwork.

In the example of FIG. 9, the state indicators 906 are intended toillustrate information that could be provided in association with aprioritized network list display. In the example of FIG. 9, the stateindicators 906 include a column of performances 908-1 to 908-N(collectively, performance states 908), a column of availabilities 910-1to 910-N (collectively, network availability states 910), and a columnof incentives 912-1 to 912-N (collectively, incentive states 912). Thestate indicators 906 need not be displayed in a columnar or tabular form(e.g., data could be displayed by hovering over a network in theprioritized network list 902). The data can also be represented bycolor-coding (e.g., networks in the prioritized network list 902 couldbe displayed with red text if a corresponding congestion state of thenetwork is high and green text if a corresponding congestion state ofthe network is low), or using some other applicable known or convenienttechnique to convey information about the state of a network.

As was mentioned elsewhere in this paper, performance can have manydifferent meanings (e.g., network performance, economic performance,access grant performance, etc.). Thus, although there is one column ofperformance states 908, there could be several columns to indicate stateor estimates for different types of performance. Within each type ofperformance, there may be additional subcategorizations (e.g., networkperformance can be measured in more than one way, including throughput,QoS, congestion, etc.) Performance can be summarized for a subscriberand presented as a single value (e.g., a number that is indicative ofthe relative performance of the network) or more explicit data can beprovided (e.g., the basic radio bit rate of the network).

The network availability states 910 are related to performance, but arerepresented in a separate column due to some distinctions. Performancecan be indicative of what can be expected if a connection is establishedwith the corresponding network. Availability can be indicative of thelikelihood with which a connection can be established. Reliability (notshown) can also be distinguished because it is indicative of thelikelihood that performance will be consistent or a connection can bemaintained over time (e.g., in consideration of a motion trace or zoneof reliability based on time of day), which is somewhat different fromboth performance and availability. Reliability can be obviated as anindicator in an implementation in which only reliable networks are inthe prioritized network list 902.

The incentive states 912 can indicate to a subscriber an “incentiveoffer” that may entice the subscriber to choose one network overanother, regardless of prioritization.

FIG. 10 depicts a diagram of an example of a system 1000 for offeringincentives to a subscriber to connect to a network. In the example ofFIG. 10, the system 1000 includes a radio interface 1002, a radio 1004,an incentivized network selection engine 1006, a subscriber UI 1008, anda network connection engine 1010.

The radio 1004 receives an incentive offer from or on behalf of anetwork through the radio interface 1002. The incentive offer can beprovided in a number of different ways, such as in beacon frames, inframes identifiable as “incentive frames,” in the body or header of amessage, etc. It will typically be more valuable to send incentives todevices that are in a service area of a network, but depending uponimplementation, incentives could be sent based upon predicted movement,probably in the immediate future, based upon connection history or amotion trace. In an alternative, the incentive offer is not receivedover the radio interface 1002, and is instead generated at the system1000 in the incentivized network selection engine 1006 (or in anincentive offer generation engine, not shown).

The incentivized network selection engine 1006 enables a user to selectthe incentivized network through the subscriber UI 1008. The selectioncould also be made based upon rules or preferences that were previouslyinput by the subscriber or a service provider. The network selectionoption could be presented as a pop-up window prompting a user to selectwhether to connect to the applicable network in exchange for theincentive offer. Alternatively, the incentive offer could trigger adisplay similar to the display depicted by way of example in FIG. 9.Regardless of the mechanism used to provide the choice to thesubscriber, the network connection engine 1010 can connect to thenetwork in accordance with the subscriber's choice.

Advantageously, a service provider can identify one or more networks(e.g., Wi-Fi networks) that the service provider would like a subscriberto offload to. In the case of a cellular provider, this can enable theservice provider to reduce load on the cellular network. Byincentivizing the offloading, the service provider can expect a largernumber of subscribers to offload than if no incentive was offered. Theincentive offer can explain advantages of switching networks to thesubscriber, which can include, for example, traffic charges are free orless expensive, one or more service capabilities or activities areavailable on, e.g., Wi-Fi that are not available or have a lowerperformance on, e.g., cellular, the subscriber gets a discount or creditfor switching, etc.

FIG. 11 depicts a diagram of an example of a system 1100 for repeatedlycycling through performance tests. In the example of FIG. 11, the system1100 includes a radio interface 1102, a radio 1104, a prioritizednetwork selection engine 1106, a network connection engine 1108, aselective network monitoring engine 1110, and an ANCS reporting engine1112.

The radio 1104 receives a prioritized list from a server through theradio interface 1102. The prioritized list could alternatively begenerated at least in part at a device one which the system 1100 isimplemented.

The prioritized network selection engine 1106 selects a priority networkin accordance with any techniques described previously in this paper.The network connection engine 1108 controls the radio 1104 to connect tothe applicable network. The network connection engine 1108 can perform ascan to determine available networks before or after obtaining theprioritized list.

The selective network monitoring engine 1110 can cycle through one ormore network performance tests for a subset of the available networks.The ANCS reporting engine 1112 can report the results of the tests to aserver through the radio 1104 and radio interface 1102. The server couldthen perform a selection algorithm to select the network that best meetsa network selection cost function and prioritize the network accordinglyand provide another prioritized list. Alternatively, the deviceimplementing the system 1100 can use the ANCS to customize theprioritized list. If the prioritized network selection engine 1106selects a new network, the network connection engine 1108 can controlthe radio 1104 to connect to the selected network.

The selective network monitoring engine 1110 can repeatedly generateANCS such that the prioritized list is continuously updated. In analternative, the ANCS reports can be uploaded to a service controllerfunction.

The embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 1-11 include components that can beselectively combined with one another. The cost functions of the variousembodiments can include such parameters as signal strength, channelstrength, basic radio bit rate, network speed, network throughput, speedjitter, throughput jitter, network delay, delay jitter, networkavailability, network reliability in successful network access grantpercentage, delay in access grant, variation in performance as afunction of performance, to name several.

FIG. 12 depicts a diagram of an example of a system 1200 capable ofwireless network offloading and of enabling carriers to establish thewireless network offloading service. In the example of FIG. 12, thesystem 1200 includes a network 1202, a server 1204, an intelligentwireless offloading client 1206, and a service design center (SDC) 1208.The network 1202 will include a wireless network to which theintelligent wireless offloading client 1206 is connected, but canotherwise include any applicable known or convenient network suitablefor linking the components of the system 1200. The server 1204 can be aserver of a CSP or other service provider. The intelligent wirelessoffloading client 1206 can include capabilities of a wireless device andcan include an implementation of any subset of the techniques describedin this paper.

In one embodiment, the SDC 1208 acts as the portal to enable the serviceproviders to set service plan parameters for the wireless networkingoffloading functionality. The SDC 1208 can enable the service providersto set charging rates for each of the different wireless networkconnections, such as a charging rate for Wi-Fi networks, a charging ratefor 3G networks, a charging rate for 4G networks, etc. Each serviceprovider may set different charging rates for the same or differentnetwork connections. Each service provider may establish differentservice plans, each having different charging rates for the differentwireless connections. For example, a service provider may have a serviceplan that benefits the highly mobile user, charging less for cellconnections. A service provider may have a service plan that benefitsthose who anticipate reduced usage of cell connections.

In one embodiment, the SDC 1208 acts as the portal to enable the serviceproviders to set notification parameters. For example, each serviceprovider can set different notifications to motivate users to switchbetween wireless connections. These notifications and incentives can betemporal, geo-specific, service plan specific, etc.

In one embodiment, the SDC 1208 acts as the portal to enable the serviceproviders to set access parameters. For example, each service providercan enable the various devices to access only a subset of availablenetwork connections, to offload to only certain network connections,etc.

The SDC 1208 further can provide functionality that may not be providedby the server 1204 or the intelligent wireless offloading client 1206.For example, the SDC 1208 can load algorithms for use at the client orserver, set periodicity of scans by the client, set matrices, establishgeographic boundaries of networks, set periodicity of reporting, etc.

Examples of the SDC 1208 can be found in the following related publishedapplications, which are hereby incorporated by reference: U.S.publication No. 2010/0188975, filed Mar. 2, 2009, entitled “VerifiableDevice Assisted Service Policy Implementation,” U.S. publication No.2010/0192170, filed Mar. 2, 2009, entitled “Device Assisted ServiceProfile Management with User Preference, Adaptive Policy, NetworkNeutrality, and User Privacy,” U.S. publication No. 2010/0191612, filedMar. 2, 2009, entitled “Verifiable Device Assisted Service UsageMonitoring with Reporting, Synchronization, and Notification,” U.S.publication No. 2010/0191576, filed Mar. 2, 2009, entitled “VerifiableDevice Assisted Service Usage Billing with Integrated Accounting,Mediation Accounting, and Multi-Account,” U.S. publication No.2010/0188991, filed Mar. 2, 2009, entitled “Network Based Service PolicyImplementation with Network Neutrality and User Privacy,” U.S.publication No. 2010/0188990, filed Mar. 2, 2009, entitled “NetworkBased Service Profile Management with User Preference, Adaptive Policy,Network Neutrality and User Privacy,” U.S. publication No. 2010/0192212,filed Mar. 2, 2009, entitled “Automated Device Provisioning andActivation,” U.S. publication No. 2010/0191604, filed Mar. 2, 2009,entitled “Device Assisted Ambient Services,” U.S. publication No.2010/0191575, filed Mar. 2, 2009, entitled “Network Based AmbientServices,” U.S. publication No. 2010/0188993, filed Mar. 2, 2009,entitled “Network Tools for Analysis, Design, Testing, and Production ofServices,” U.S. publication No. 2010/0190470, filed Mar. 2, 2009,entitled “Roaming Services Network and Overlay Networks,” U.S.publication No. 2010/0192120, filed Mar. 2, 2009, entitled “OpenDevelopment System for Access Service Providers,” U.S. publication No.2010/0192207, filed Mar. 2, 2009, entitled “Virtual Service ProviderSystems,” U.S. publication No. 2010/0191613, filed Mar. 2, 2009,entitled “Open Transaction Central Billing System,” U.S. publication No.2010/0188995, filed Mar. 2, 2009, entitled “Verifiable and AccurateService Usage Monitoring for Intermediate Networking Devices,” U.S.publication No. 2010/0188994, filed Mar. 2, 2009, entitled “VerifiableService Billing for Intermediate Networking Devices,” U.S. publicationNo. 2010/0191846, filed Mar. 2, 2009, entitled “Verifiable ServicePolicy Implementation for Intermediate Networking Devices,” U.S.publication No. 2010/0188992, filed Mar. 2, 2009, entitled “ServiceProfile Management with User Preference, Adaptive Policy, NetworkNeutrality and User Privacy for Intermediate Networking Devices,” U.S.publication No. 2010/0191847, filed Mar. 2, 2009, entitled “SimplifiedService Network Architecture,” U.S. publication No. 2010/0197266, filedJan. 27, 2010, entitled “Device Assisted CDR Creation, Aggregation,Mediation, and Billing,” U.S. publication No. 2010/0198698, filed Jan.27, 2010, entitled “Adaptive Ambient Services,” U.S. publication No.2010/0199325, filed Jan. 27, 2010, entitled “Security Techniques forDevice Assisted Services,” U.S. publication No. 2010/0197267, filed Jan.27, 2010, entitled “Device Group Partitions and Settlement Platform,”U.S. publication No. 2010/0198939, filed Jan. 27, 2010, entitled “DeviceAssisted Services Install,” U.S. publication No. 2010/0195503, filedJan. 27, 2010, entitled “Quality of Service for Device AssistedServices,” and U.S. publication No. 2010/0197268, filed Jan. 28, 2010,entitled “Enhanced Roaming Services and Converged Carrier Networks withDevice Assisted Services and a Proxy.”

FIG. 13 depicts an example of a computer system 1300 on which techniquesdescribed in this paper can be implemented. The computer system 1300 maybe a conventional computer system that can be used as a client computersystem, such as a wireless client or a workstation, or a server computersystem. The computer system 1300 includes a computer 1302, I/O devices1304, and a display device 1306. The computer 1302 includes a processor1308, a communications interface 1310, memory 1312, display controller1314, non-volatile storage 1316, and I/O controller 1318. The computer1302 may be coupled to or include the I/O devices 1304 and displaydevice 1306.

The computer 1302 interfaces to external systems through thecommunications interface 1310, which may include a modem or networkinterface. It will be appreciated that the communications interface 1310can be considered to be part of the computer system 1300 or a part ofthe computer 1302. The communications interface 1310 can be an analogmodem, ISDN modem, cable modem, token ring interface, satellitetransmission interface (e.g. “direct PC”), or other interfaces forcoupling a computer system to other computer systems.

The processor 1308 may be, for example, a conventional microprocessorsuch as an Intel Pentium microprocessor or Motorola power PCmicroprocessor. The memory 1312 is coupled to the processor 1308 by abus 1370. The memory 1312 can be Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) andcan also include Static RAM (SRAM). The bus 1370 couples the processor1308 to the memory 1312, also to the non-volatile storage 1316, to thedisplay controller 1314, and to the I/O controller 1318.

The I/O devices 1304 can include a keyboard, disk drives, printers, ascanner, and other input and output devices, including a mouse or otherpointing device. The display controller 1314 may control in theconventional manner a display on the display device 1306, which can be,for example, a cathode ray tube (CRT) or liquid crystal display (LCD).The display controller 1314 and the I/O controller 1318 can beimplemented with conventional well known technology.

The non-volatile storage 1316 is often a magnetic hard disk, an opticaldisk, or another form of storage for large amounts of data. Some of thisdata is often written, by a direct memory access process, into memory1312 during execution of software in the computer 1302. One of skill inthe art will immediately recognize that the terms “machine-readablemedium” or “computer-readable medium” includes any type of storagedevice that is accessible by the processor 1308 and also encompasses acarrier wave that encodes a data signal.

The computer system 1300 is one example of many possible computersystems which have different architectures. For example, personalcomputers based on an Intel microprocessor often have multiple buses,one of which can be an I/O bus for the peripherals and one that directlyconnects the processor 1308 and the memory 1312 (often referred to as amemory bus). The buses are connected together through bridge componentsthat perform any necessary translation due to differing bus protocols.

Network computers are another type of computer system that can be usedin conjunction with the teachings provided herein. Network computers donot usually include a hard disk or other mass storage, and theexecutable programs are loaded from a network connection into the memory1312 for execution by the processor 1308. A Web TV system, which isknown in the art, is also considered to be a computer system, but it maylack some of the features shown in FIG. 13, such as certain input oroutput devices. A typical computer system will usually include at leasta processor, memory, and a bus coupling the memory to the processor.

In addition, the computer system 1300 is controlled by operating systemsoftware which includes a file management system, such as a diskoperating system, which is part of the operating system software. Oneexample of operating system software with its associated file managementsystem software is the family of operating systems known as Windows®from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash., and their associated filemanagement systems. Another example of operating system software withits associated file management system software is the Linux operatingsystem and its associated file management system. The file managementsystem is typically stored in the non-volatile storage 1316 and causesthe processor 1308 to execute the various acts required by the operatingsystem to input and output data and to store data in memory, includingstoring files on the non-volatile storage 1316.

Some portions of the detailed description are presented in terms ofalgorithms and symbolic representations of operations on data bitswithin a computer memory. These algorithmic descriptions andrepresentations are the means used by those skilled in the dataprocessing arts to most effectively convey the substance of their workto others skilled in the art. An algorithm is here, and generally,conceived to be a self-consistent sequence of operations leading to adesired result. The operations are those requiring physicalmanipulations of physical quantities. Usually, though not necessarily,these quantities take the form of electrical or magnetic signals capableof being stored, transferred, combined, compared, and otherwisemanipulated. It has proven convenient at times, principally for reasonsof common usage, to refer to these signals as bits, values, elements,symbols, characters, terms, numbers, or the like.

One skilled in the art should recognize that terms used are to beassociated with the appropriate physical quantities and are merelyconvenient labels applied to these quantities. Unless specificallystated otherwise as apparent from the following discussion, it isappreciated that throughout the description, discussions utilizing termssuch as “processing” or “computing” or “calculating” or “determining” or“displaying” or the like, refer to the action and processes of acomputer system, or similar electronic computing device, thatmanipulates and transforms data represented as physical (electronic)quantities within the computer system's registers and memories intoother data similarly represented as physical quantities within thecomputer system memories or registers or other such information storage,transmission or display devices.

The present invention, in some embodiments, also relates to apparatusfor performing the operations herein. This apparatus may be speciallyconstructed for the required purposes, or it may comprise a generalpurpose computer selectively activated or reconfigured by a computerprogram stored in the computer. Such a computer program may be stored ina computer readable storage medium, such as, but is not limited to,read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), EPROMs,EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, any type of disk including floppydisks, optical disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic-optical disks, or any typeof media suitable for storing electronic instructions, and each coupledto a computer system bus.

The algorithms and displays presented herein are not inherently relatedto any particular computer or other apparatus. Various general purposesystems may be used with programs in accordance with the teachingsherein, or it may prove convenient to construct more specializedapparatus to perform the required method steps. The required structurefor a variety of these systems will appear from the description below.In addition, the present invention is not described with reference toany particular programming language, and various embodiments may thus beimplemented using a variety of programming languages.

FIG. 14 depicts a flowchart 1400 of an example of a method forprioritized wireless offloading. The method is organized as a sequenceof modules in the flowchart 1400. However, it should be understood thatthese and other modules associated with other methods described hereinmay be reordered for parallel execution or into different sequences ofmodules.

In the example of FIG. 14, the flowchart 1400 starts at module 1402 withobtaining wireless network data. The wireless network data can beobtained through ANCS at a wireless device. The ANCS can be used at thewireless device and/or can be provided to a server in an ANCS report. Inan implementation that makes use of a server, the server can receiveANCS reports from multiple wireless devices. This can enable the serverto generate prioritized lists for subscribers making use of network datathat is remotely obtained relative to a subscriber.

In the example of FIG. 14, the flowchart 1400 continues to module 1404with generating a prioritized network list from the wireless networkdata. In an implementation that makes use of a server, the server canperform an algorithm in memory to optimize capacity to a group ofsubscribers of a service provider associated with the server. Theoptimization can take into account network loading, wireless devicelocation, wireless device connections, performance history (including,e.g., a time of day associated with a particular performance for anetwork), a network map over a geographic area, motion traces ofwireless devices, subscriber preferences, incentives, and cost functionsto name several. The prioritized list can take the form of a networkmap, which can be treated as a subset of prioritized list (with an addedgeo-location component).

In the example of FIG. 14, the flowchart 1400 continues to module 1406with connecting to a network from the prioritized network list. A devicemay or may not customize a prioritized network list that is providedfrom a server in accordance with device-specific parameters. Wherecustomization does not occur, the server may take into account thedevice-specific parameters (as well as, e.g., account-specificparameters) when generating the prioritized list. Where customizationdoes occur, in an implementation that includes a server, the prioritizedlist can still be partially customized at the server. Customization canbe in accordance with monitored performance of networks within range ofthe device, subscriber-specified rules, service provider-specifiedrules, a location trace, performance history, environmental conditions,cost function, or incentives, to name several.

In the example of FIG. 14, the flowchart 1400 continues to module 1408with monitoring network performance. The monitoring can be of thenetwork to which the device is connected. The device can also monitorother networks, either passively or actively, in accordance with networkmonitoring rules. The rules can be provided by a service provider, SDC,or input directly.

In the example of FIG. 14, the flowchart 1400 returns to module 1402 andcontinues as described previously. It is not necessary that the sameelements perform the same tasks described. For example, a server couldinitially generate a prioritized network list (1404), but on a seconditeration, a wireless device could generate a (customized) prioritizednetwork list without receiving a new prioritized list from the server.Also, there may be additional or fewer actions or determinations on asecond iteration. For example, when a device first connects to a network(1406), it may be unnecessary to compare performance or some otherparameter of a network with a threshold value to determine whether toswitch to another network, but when the device considers switching fromone network to another, it may be desirable to compare currentperformance with a threshold value to ensure it is “worth it” to switchto a (currently) more highly prioritized network.

FIG. 15 depicts a flowchart 1500 of an example of a method for usingdevice assisted services (DAS) to facilitate wireless offloading. In theexample of FIG. 15, the flowchart 1500 starts at module 1402 withmonitoring network service usage activities of a device. The networkservice usage activities can be monitored with a verified/verifiablenetwork performance characterization software (implemented in hardware)or hardware agent. The agent can be implemented on the device inquestion, on a different device, or can have components that areimplemented on more than one device. The monitoring can be accomplishedusing a radio and can be selective. An example of an agent that performsselective monitoring is the selective network monitoring engine 414 orthe selective network monitoring engine 1110, respectively described byway of example with reference to FIGS. 4 and 11, or the performancemonitoring engine 712 described by way of example with reference to FIG.7.

In the example of FIG. 15, the flowchart 1500 continues to module 1504with determining a network busy state based on the monitored networkservice usage activities. Network statistics can be stored in a networkstatistics datastore, such as the network statistics datastore 304described by way of example with reference to FIG. 3. The network busystate can also be stored in a network statistics datastore or can bederived from statistics that are stored in the network statisticsdatastore. The network busy state can include a measure of networkcapacity, availability, and/or performance, and can be derived usingtechniques described in this paper. The network busy state can bedetermined with a network performance characterization software(implemented in hardware) or hardware agent, which can measure and/orcharacterize a network busy state experienced by a device. An example ofan agent that performs network busy state determination is the networkstatistics characterization engine 306, such as is described by way ofexample with reference to FIG. 3 or the historical performanceevaluation engine 704, such as is described by way of example withreference to FIG. 7.

In the example of FIG. 15, the flowchart 1500 continues to module 1506with reporting the network busy state to a network element/function. Thenetwork busy state can be included in any of the reports described inthis paper (e.g., a network busy state report, ANCS report, etc.).Depending on the implementation, the network busy state can be used by anetwork element/function on a wireless device, such as the wirelessdevice that at least in part monitored network service usage activitiesand/or determined a network busy state, on a server, or on some otherapplicable device. An example of such a network element/functionincludes the wireless network offloading engine 106, such as isdescribed by way of example with reference to FIG. 1.

In the example of FIG. 15, the flowchart 1500 continues to module 1508with setting network access control policy for one or more networkcapacity controlled services using the network busy state. The networkaccess control policy can be acted upon by the geo-analysis connectionengine 410, the network connection engine 708, the incentivized networkselection engine 808 and/or the network connection engine 812, theincentivized network selection engine 1006 and/or the network connectionengine 1010, the prioritized network selection engine 1106 and/or thenetwork connection engine 1108, such as are respectively described byway of example with reference to FIGS. 4, 7, 8, 10, and 11.

Data on a wireless network is often encrypted. However, data may also besent in the clear, if desired. With encrypted data, a rogue device willhave a very difficult time learning any information (such as passwords,etc.) from clients before countermeasures are taken to deal with therogue. The rogue may be able to confuse the client, and perhaps obtainsome encrypted data, but the risk is minimal (even less than for somewired networks).

The following example illustrates possible benefits of this system. Inone embodiment, a subscriber turns on a smart phone, the smart phonenotices that the subscriber's home network is available. Assuming thatthe subscriber is connected to the cellular network and not connected tothe home network, the cellular service provider sends the subscriber anincentive offer: a reduction in service fees if the subscriber offloadsfrom the cellular network to his home network.

Upon traveling to work, the smart phone recognizes that the subscriberis no longer in the service area of his home network, but is within theservice area of three of his neighbors' home networks and the cellularnetwork. The smart phone recognizes that his motion trace (velocity)indicates movement that will move the subscriber out of the range of allthree of his neighbors' home networks quickly. Thus, the smart phone maybe configured to connect to the cellular network. Upon recognizing thatthe smart phone is stationary, e.g., at a stoplight, the smart phone maybe configured to wait a predetermined period of time before consideringto offload to a Wi-Fi network (especially if the smart phone knows thesubscriber was moving). Accordingly, the smart phone may be configuredto remain connected to the cellular network.

Upon reaching a destination, the smart phone recognizes that the motiontrace becomes stationary or relatively slow and that the smart phone isproximate to two local Wi-Fi networks. In one embodiment, the beaconframes of the first Wi-Fi network may have higher received signalstrength indicators (RSSI). However, other subscribers may have providednetwork data about the first network that indicate the first network istypically severely congested at this time. Thus, the smart phone may beconfigured to indicate that the second network has a higher prioritythan the first network, despite the high RSSI.

In some embodiments, the smart phone receives a prioritized network listthat indicates the second network as having a higher priority than thefirst network. In some embodiments, the smart phone is configured toconnect to a wireless network in accordance with an incentive offer, toconnect based on preferences set by the subscriber, or to wait for thesubscriber to select a network from the prioritized network list.

To assist with information gathering, the smart phone may be configuredto gather information about another local wireless network, e.g., aboutthe first wireless network, and may report the information to thecellular service provider. While the smart phone is in range of theother local wireless network, the smart phone may passively or activelyscan the other network. In some embodiments, the smart phone isconfigured to perform active scans only when the smart phone is pluggedinto a power source.

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This application incorporates by reference the following U.S. PatentApplications for all purposes: U.S. Ser. No. 13/134,005, filed May 25,2011, entitled “System and Method for Wireless Network Offloading”; U.S.Ser. No. 12/380,778 filed Mar. 2, 2009, entitled “Verifiable DeviceAssisted Service Usage Billing with Integrated Accounting, MediationAccounting, and Multi-Account”; U.S. Ser. No. 12/380,780 filed Mar. 2,2009, entitled “Automated Device Provisioning and Activation”; U.S. Ser.No. 12/695,019 filed Jan. 27, 2010, entitled “Device Assisted CDRCreation, Aggregation, Mediation and Billing”; U.S. Ser. No. 12/695,020filed Jan. 27, 2010, entitled “Adaptive Ambient Services”; U.S. Ser. No.12/694,445 filed Jan. 27, 2010, entitled “Security Techniques for DeviceAssisted Services”; U.S. Ser. No. 12/694,451 filed Jan. 27, 2010,entitled “Device Group Partitions and Settlement Platform”; U.S. Ser.No. 12/694,455 filed Jan. 27, 2010, entitled “Device Assisted ServicesInstall”; U.S. Ser. No. 12/695,021 filed Jan. 27, 2010, entitled“Quality of Service for Device Assisted Services”; and U.S. Ser. No.12/695,980 filed Jan. 28, 2010, entitled “Enhanced Roaming Services andConverged Carrier Networks with Device Assisted Services and a Proxy”.

This application also incorporates by reference the following U.S.provisional applications: U.S. provisional application Ser. No.61/206,354, filed Jan. 28, 2009, entitled “Services Policy CommunicationSystem and Method”; U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/206,944,filed Feb. 4, 2009, entitled “Services Policy Communication System andMethod”; U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/207,393, filed Feb.10, 2009, entitled “Services Policy Communication System and Method”;U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/207,739, filed Feb. 13, 2009,entitled “Services Policy Communication System and Method”; U.S.provisional application Ser. No. 61/270,353, filed Jul. 6, 2009,entitled “Device Assisted CDR Creation, Aggregation, Mediation andBilling”; U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/275,208, filed Aug.25, 2009, entitled “Adaptive Ambient Services”; U.S. provisionalapplication Ser. No. 61/237,753, filed Aug. 28, 2009, entitled “AdaptiveAmbient Services”; U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/252,151,filed Oct. 15, 2009, entitled “Security Techniques for Device AssistedServices”; U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/252,153, filed Oct.15, 2009, entitled “Device Group Partitions and Settlement Platform”;U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/264,120, filed Nov. 24, 2009,entitled “Device Assisted Services Install,” and U.S. provisionalapplication Ser. No. 61/264,126, filed Nov. 24, 2009, entitled “DeviceAssisted Services Activity Map”; U.S. provisional application Ser. No.61/348,022, filed May 25, 2010, entitled “Device Assisted Services forProtecting Network Capacity”; U.S. provisional application Ser. No.61/381,159, filed Sep. 9, 2010, entitled “Device Assisted Services forProtecting Network Capacity”; U.S. provisional application Ser. No.61/381,162, filed Sep. 9, 2010, entitled “Service Controller Interfacesand Workflows”; U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/384,456, filedSep. 20, 2010, entitled “Securing Service Processor with SponsoredSIMs”; U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/389,547, filed Oct. 4,2010, entitled “User Notifications for Device Assisted Services”; U.S.provisional application Ser. No. 61/385,020, filed Sep. 21, 2010,entitled “Service Usage Reconciliation System Overview”; U.S.provisional application Ser. No. 61/387,243, filed Sep. 28, 2010,entitled “Enterprise and Consumer Billing Allocation for WirelessCommunication Device Service Usage Activities”; U.S. provisionalapplication Ser. No. 61/387,247, filed Sep. 28, 2010, entitled “SecuredDevice Data Records”; U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/407,358,filed Oct. 27, 2010, entitled “Service Controller and Service ProcessorArchitecture”; U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/418,507, filedDec. 1, 2010, entitled “Application Service Provider Interface System”;U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/418,509, filed Dec. 1, 2010,entitled “Service Usage Reporting Reconciliation and Fraud Detection forDevice Assisted Services”; U.S. provisional application Ser. No.61/420,727, filed Dec. 7, 2010, entitled “Secure Device Data Records”;U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/422,565, filed Dec. 13, 2010,entitled “Service Design Center for Device Assisted Services”; U.S.provisional application Ser. No. 61/422,572, filed Dec. 13, 2010,entitled “System Interfaces and Workflows for Device Assisted Services”;U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/422,574, filed Dec. 13, 2010,entitled “Security and Fraud Detection for Device Assisted Services”;U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/435,564, filed Jan. 24, 2011,entitled “Framework for Device Assisted Services”; and U.S. provisionalapplication Ser. No. 61/472,606, filed Apr. 6, 2011, entitled “ManagingService User Discovery and Service Launch Object Placement on a Device.”

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method performed by a first wirelessend-user device, the method comprising: identifying one or morealternative wireless networks; obtaining current performance data on theone or more alternative wireless networks; obtaininggeographically-keyed wireless offloading historical performance data ona plurality of networks and network types, including on the one or morealternative wireless networks, from a network element that aggregatesgeographically-keyed measured performance data received from a pluralityof wireless end-user devices; characterizing a performance state of eachof the one or more alternative wireless networks based on location datafor the first wireless end-user device, on the current performance dataand on the historical performance data; applying rules involving thecharacterized performance state to determine whether to switch from afirst wireless network to a particular wireless network of the one ormore alternative wireless networks; and switching the first wirelessend-user device from the first wireless network to the particularwireless network in response to applying the rules.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the geographically-keyed wireless offloading historicalperformance data comprises a multi-dimensional network map.
 3. Themethod of claim 2, wherein the multi-dimensional network map is acustomized map generated for the first wireless end-user device.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the geographically-keyed wireless offloadinghistorical performance data comprises a wireless operation instructionset.
 5. The method of claim 4, further comprising receiving the rulesinvolving the characterized performance state from the network element.6. The method of claim 1, further comprising compiling the currentperformance data along with corresponding location data and timestampdata into a report, and sending the report to the network element. 7.The method of claim 6, further comprising receiving from the networkelement a scanning assignment request for performance data on specificwireless networks, the first wireless end-user device using the requestto determine which current performance data to include in the report. 8.The method of claim 6, wherein the current performance data comprisesnetwork busy state information.
 9. The method of claim 6, wherein thecurrent performance data further comprises performance data for thefirst wireless network.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein thegeographically-keyed wireless offloading historical performance datacomprises a prioritized network list.
 11. The method of claim 10,wherein the prioritized network list is selected, from a plurality oflists, for the first wireless end-user device.
 12. The method of claim11, wherein the prioritized network list is selected in part based on areported location of the first wireless end-user device.
 13. The methodof claim 11, wherein the prioritized network list is selected in partbased on reported motion information for the first wireless end-userdevice.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein the reported motioninformation comprises predicted future motion information.